Varanasi, anciently known as Kashi or Benares, is a city of profound spiritual and cultural significance located on the left bank of the Ganges River in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh [1, 2]. It holds the distinction of being one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities, with its origins intertwined with Hindu mythology, believed to have been founded by Lord Shiva [1]. For centuries, Varanasi has served as a paramount pilgrimage destination, where devout Hindus believe that death on its sacred soil grants salvation and liberation from the cycle of rebirth [1, 3].

The city's vibrant spiritual essence is deeply rooted in the Ganges, considered a living goddess whose waters are believed to cleanse sins. Beyond its religious importance, Varanasi has been a distinguished center of learning, philosophy, and arts for over 3,000 years [3]. Its historical tapestry includes influences from various dynasties and movements, shaping its unique syncretic culture where Hindu and Islamic traditions coexist harmoniously [1]. The city has nurtured numerous influential figures in Indian literature, music, and philosophy, further solidifying its reputation as the cultural capital of India [3].

• Varanasi is situated in the middle Ganga valley, at an elevation of approximately 80.71 meters (264.8 ft) above the river [1].
• The Varanasi Urban Agglomeration spans an area of 112 km² (43 mi²) [1].
• As per the 2011 census, the urban agglomeration had a population of 1,435,113, with the municipal corporation area having a population of 1,212,610 [1].
• Hinduism is the predominant religion, followed by Islam as the largest minority. The city also hosts Christian, Sikh, Jain, and Buddhist communities, with Sarnath, near Varanasi, being a significant Buddhist pilgrimage site [1].
• The primary languages spoken are Hindi, Urdu, and Bhojpuri [1].
• The average annual rainfall in Varanasi is 1,110 mm (44 in), and it experiences a humid subtropical climate with significant temperature variations between summer and winter [1].

Varanasi's administration is structured across various levels to manage its complex urban and district affairs. The Varanasi division, which includes the city and surrounding districts, is overseen by a Divisional Commissioner, an IAS officer responsible for local government institutions, infrastructure development, and maintaining law and order [1]. At the district level, the District Magistrate, also an IAS officer, manages property records, revenue collection, and city elections, supported by additional district magistrates and a city magistrate [1].

Civic activities within the city are managed by the Varanasi Municipal Corporation, headed by a mayor, with a municipal commissioner overseeing executive and administrative functions [1]. The Varanasi Development Authority (VDA) is responsible for urban infrastructure planning and development. Police administration falls under the Varanasi Police Zone, headed by high-ranking IPS officers, with distinct divisions for city and rural policing [1].

Varanasi's economy is characterized by a significant employment rate, with approximately 29% of its population engaged in various sectors, according to the 2006 City Development Plan [1]. Manufacturing accounts for about 40% of the workforce, followed by trade and commerce at 26%, and other services at 19% [1]. The city's manufacturing industry, though not highly developed, relies heavily on small-scale and household-based production [1].

The dominant industry is silk weaving, a sector profoundly influenced by the Muslim community, which employs nearly half a million weavers, dyers, and salespersons involved in producing the world-renowned Banarasi saris [1]. These exquisite silk products, often featuring intricate gold and silver thread work, are highly sought after for weddings and special occasions. Other significant industries include the production of hand-knotted Mirzapur carpets, brassware, wooden toys, and musical instruments, alongside agricultural products like betel leaves and mangoes [1].

Varanasi's infrastructure development is a key focus, overseen by the Varanasi Development Authority (VDA) [1]. The city's internal mobility relies primarily on auto-rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, and three-wheelers, with city buses serving urban and suburban routes [1]. Connectivity to other major Indian cities is well-established through air, rail, and road networks. Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport handles air transport, while Varanasi Junction is the largest railway station, facilitating over 360,000 passengers daily [1].

Road infrastructure includes major National Highways (NH 19, NH 233, NH 35, NH 31, NH 7) that pass through Varanasi, and an Integrated Traffic Management System is in place to manage traffic flow [1]. The city also leverages inland waterways, with National Waterway 1 passing through it and a new multi-modal terminal established in 2018 to handle significant cargo [1]. Despite these developments, the city faces challenges related to sewage, sanitation, and drainage due to its high population density and increasing tourist influx, with significant amounts of untreated sewage flowing into the Ganges [1].