Johor Bahru, often referred to as JB, is the vibrant capital of Malaysia's southern state of Johor, strategically positioned at the Peninsular's southernmost point, directly bordering Singapore via the bustling Johor-Singapore Causeway. This prime location has historically shaped its development from a fishing village to a significant economic powerhouse, fostering a dynamic urban landscape and serving as a critical gateway for trade and tourism between Malaysia and its island neighbor. The city's growth has been marked by continuous modernization and infrastructure development, particularly since its official city status was granted in 1994, transforming it into a prominent commercial and industrial hub within the region [1, 2].

Founded as Tanjung Puteri in 1855 by Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim and later renamed Johor Bahru by Sultan Abu Bakar, the city's history is a tapestry of Malay, Chinese, and British influences. It played a pivotal role during World War II as a Japanese occupation base and later became a cradle of Malay nationalism, hosting the formation of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1946. Post-independence, Johor Bahru has experienced rapid urbanization and a significant property boom, with numerous high-rise developments contributing to its modern skyline. It continues to be a magnet for investment and talent, making it one of Southeast Asia's most attractive cities for business and quality of life [3, 4].

• As of 2023, the estimated population of Johor Bahru is 1,758,500, making it the largest state capital city in Malaysia by population [5].
• The city experiences an equatorial climate characterized by consistently high temperatures and humidity, with an average annual rainfall of approximately 2,350 mm (93 inches) [6, 7].
• Johor Bahru is a melting pot of ethnicities, primarily Malays, Chinese, and Indians, alongside other indigenous groups, with a significant portion of its Chinese population having Teochew ancestry [8].
• English is widely spoken, with about 60% of the city's population being fluent in the language, particularly among younger generations [9].
• The city is a central component of Iskandar Malaysia, the nation's largest special economic zone by investment value, focusing on various economic activities including finance, commerce, manufacturing, and tourism [10].
• Johor Bahru boasts the fastest urbanization growth in Malaysia and ranks as the second best-performing city behind Kuala Lumpur in economic competitiveness and prosperity [11].
• The city is served by Senai International Airport and the Port of Tanjung Pelepas, which is ranked among the world's busiest container ports [12, 13].

Johor Bahru is governed by the Johor Bahru City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru), which gained city status on January 1, 1994. The council's jurisdiction encompasses an area of 220 square kilometers (85 sq mi) and includes various administrative areas such as Central District, Larkin, and Tebrau. The city council is currently led by Mayor Dato' Haji Mohd Noorazam bin Dato' Haji Osman, who assumed office on August 15, 2021 [1, 14, 15].

Legal enforcement and judicial functions are handled by various bodies within the city. The Johor Bahru High Court complex is situated on Dato' Onn Road, while the Sessions and Magistrate Courts are located on Ayer Molek Road. Additionally, a dedicated court for Sharia law can be found on Abu Bakar Road. The Johor Police Contingent Headquarters is on Tebrau Road, overseeing multiple police stations and substations across the greater Johor Bahru area, ensuring public safety and order [16].

Johor Bahru stands as a pivotal financial and business center in southern Peninsular Malaysia, forming a key part of the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle. Its economy is predominantly driven by the tertiary sector, encompassing services, manufacturing, and hospitality. The city consistently ranks high in economic competitiveness and prosperity, positioning itself as the second-best performing city in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur [10, 11].

The city's strategic location and robust economic policies have made it a top investment destination in Malaysia, particularly within the manufacturing sector. It has attracted substantial domestic and foreign direct investments, with major multinational corporations establishing their presence. Furthermore, Johor Bahru is a significant trade contributor, holding the second-largest share of Malaysia's imports, and is emerging as the country's largest data center hub, reflecting its growing prominence in the digital economy [17, 18].

Johor Bahru boasts an extensive and continuously developing infrastructure. The city's road network is well-established, comprising federal roads and major highways like Tebrau Highway and Skudai Highway, facilitating connectivity within the city and to outlying suburbs. The Johor-Singapore Causeway and the Malaysia-Singapore Second Link serve as vital land connections to Singapore, handling immense daily traffic. Public transportation services, including buses and taxis, are readily available, with Larkin Sentral serving as the main intercity bus terminal. Rail services connect Johor Bahru to other parts of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, with the upcoming Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS Link) set to further enhance cross-border commuting [22, 23, 24].

Air travel is supported by Senai International Airport, offering domestic and international flights. The city's maritime infrastructure is robust, with the Port of Tanjung Pelepas being a globally significant transshipment hub and Johor Port handling various cargo, including a large volume of palm oil [12, 13, 25]. In terms of utilities, electricity distribution is managed by Tenaga Nasional Berhad, largely generated by coal and gas-fired plants. The state ensures water supply through a network of reservoirs and also provides raw water to Singapore. The state government consistently allocates substantial funds for infrastructure development, focusing on improving road networks, water supply, and electricity generation to support industrial growth [26, 27].