Amritsar, colloquially known as Ambarsar, is a significant city located in the northwestern part of the Indian state of Punjab. Its name is derived from 'Amrit Sarovar,' meaning 'Pool of Nectar,' referring to the sacred tank surrounding the Golden Temple. Founded in 1574 by Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh Guru, the city has grown into a major cultural, transportation, and economic center, holding immense spiritual importance for Sikhs worldwide [1].

The city's history is marked by pivotal events, including its fortification by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1822 and its annexation by British India in 1849. Amritsar also bore witness to the tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919, a defining moment in India's struggle for independence. More recently, it was the site of Operation Blue Star in 1984, a military operation at the Golden Temple [2]. Despite these historical challenges, Amritsar remains a vibrant and resilient city, embodying a rich heritage and a spirit of generosity.

• Amritsar is the second-largest city in the Indian state of Punjab, after Ludhiana [1].
• The city is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district [1].
• According to the 2011 census, Amritsar municipality had a population of 1,159,227 [3].
• Amritsar is home to the Golden Temple, the holiest site and most-visited gurudwara in Sikhism, attracting nearly a hundred thousand daily visitors [1].
• The Golden Temple's communal kitchen (langar) is the largest in the world, serving approximately 100,000 free vegetarian meals daily to all visitors, regardless of background [4].
• Hinduism (49.36%) and Sikhism (48.00%) are the main religions in Amritsar city, according to the 2011 Census of India [3].
• Amritsar is located approximately 28 km (17.4 mi) from the India-Pakistan border [1].
• The city experiences a hot semi-arid climate, with temperatures ranging from -1°C to 45°C (30°F to 113°F) [2].
• Amritsar is a major center for the textile and chemical industries, and is also known for the manufacture of wooden chessboards and chess pieces [2].
• The craft of the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru in Amritsar district, known for brass and copper utensil making, was enlisted on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014 [2].

Amritsar is governed by a Municipal Corporation and is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district [1, 3]. The city's governance structure ensures the management of urban services and local development. The Municipal Corporation is responsible for various civic functions, aiming to provide essential services to its large population. The district administration, headed by a Deputy Commissioner, oversees broader administrative functions and development initiatives across the district [5].

The city is divided into several administrative units, including six tehsils and ten blocks, which further facilitate local governance and service delivery. Amritsar also has eleven assembly segments and one parliamentary constituency, reflecting its significant political representation within the state of Punjab and at the national level [5]. The current mayor of Amritsar is Karamjit Singh Rintu [1].

Amritsar stands as the economic capital of Punjab, demonstrating significant growth and diverse industrial activities. Historically, the city was prominent for its textile industry, and while it faced challenges during periods of militancy in the 1980s, many textile mills, knitting units, and embroidery factories continue to operate. The city is particularly renowned for its pashmina shawls, woolen clothes, and blankets [2].

In recent years, tourism and hospitality have become the primary drivers of Amritsar's local economy due to a substantial increase in tourist arrivals. This surge has led to the development of numerous hotels, restaurants, and related businesses, benefiting taxi operators and local shopkeepers. Additionally, the traditional craft of the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, involving brass and copper utensil making, has received recognition on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage, with efforts underway to revive this ancient craft [2].

Amritsar boasts a well-developed infrastructure that supports its role as a major urban center. The city is served by Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport, offering direct international flights and ranking among the busiest airports in India for international traffic. For rail transport, Amritsar Junction railway station is a key hub and one of the highest revenue-generating stations in Northern Railways. Plans are also underway to develop satellite stations and upgrade Amritsar Junction to a world-class railway station [2].

Road connectivity is robust, with Amritsar located on the historic Grand Trunk Road (NH 3). New expressways, such as the Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway, are under construction to significantly reduce travel times to major cities. Within the city, the Amritsar MetroBus, a bus rapid transit service launched in 2019, provides efficient public transportation with a fleet of air-conditioned buses, connecting important sites like the Golden Temple and Guru Nanak Dev University [2].