Alor Setar, the capital city of Kedah, Malaysia, holds significant historical and cultural importance, dating back to its establishment in 1735 by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II. Initially known as Kota Setar, it served as the eighth administrative center of the Kedah Sultanate. Its strategic location along the Kedah River and proximity to the Malacca Strait made it a thriving trading port, attracting diverse merchants and fostering a rich cultural fusion of Malay, Thai, Chinese, and Indian influences [1]. The city gained city status on December 21, 2003, and is notably the birthplace of Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, and its longest-serving Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad [2].

Alor Setar is not only a political and administrative hub but also a cultural heartland for the Kedahan Malays. The city's landscape is characterized by lush greenery and vital river systems, including the Kedah River. Its well-preserved historical sites and vibrant local traditions offer a unique experience for visitors, reflecting its evolution from a small settlement to a bustling urban center. The city's official name was briefly changed to Alor Star in 2003 but was restored to Alor Setar in 2009, reinforcing its historical identity [1].

• Alor Setar was established on December 30, 1735, by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II, making it one of Malaysia's oldest cities [1].
• The city is home to the Alor Setar Tower, the third-tallest tower in Malaysia, offering panoramic views of the city [1].
• According to the 2020 census, the city's population is 423,868, with Malays constituting the majority at 72.0%, followed by Chinese at 22.3% [3].
• Alor Setar has a tropical monsoon climate with consistent temperatures averaging around 32°C (90°F) and an annual precipitation of approximately 2,255.3 mm (88.79 inches) [1].
• The dominant Malay dialect spoken in Alor Setar is the Kedah-Northern Malay dialect, which functions as the lingua franca, though Standard Malay, English, and Manglish are also widely understood [1].

Alor Setar is governed by the Alor Setar City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar), a local government body that has administered the city since its establishment as a town council in 1905. The city's local government evolved through several stages, including the Alor Star Sanitary Board in 1905, the Alor Star Municipal Board in 1958, and the Kota Setar Municipal Council in 1978, before achieving city status in 2003 [1]. The Alor Setar City Council oversees the administration and development of the city, which covers a land area of 666 km², encompassing the Kota Setar District and the neighboring Pokok Sena district.

As the state capital, Alor Setar is the Central State Administration Centre, housing key state ministries and agencies. The Office of the Chief Minister and the Kedah State Legislative Assembly are located in Wisma Darul Aman, while the official residence of the Sultan of Kedah is situated in Anak Bukit, a suburb of Alor Setar [1]. The city is represented by three Members of Parliament at the federal level and nine State Legislative Assembly seats, reflecting its political significance within Kedah and Malaysia [4].

Alor Setar serves as one of Kedah's crucial commercial and industrial hubs, alongside Sungai Petani and Kulim. Historically, its economy was anchored in agriculture, particularly rice production, earning Kedah the moniker "Rice Bowl of Malaysia." While rice cultivation remains significant, the city's economic landscape has diversified in the 21st century to include various primary-based industries and a growing tertiary sector [1].

Key economic activities in Alor Setar now encompass manufacturing, commerce, retail, hospitality, tourism, financial services, food processing, and fishery. The city hosts numerous international and national commercial banks, as well as several insurance companies. Major industrial zones such as Mergong Barrage, Mergong 1 & 2, Tandop, Kristial Light Industrial Park, and 2010 Industrial Park contribute significantly to its industrial output and employment opportunities [1].

Alor Setar boasts a well-developed infrastructure that supports its role as a state capital and a key transportation hub in northern Peninsular Malaysia. The city is seamlessly connected to other parts of Malaysia via comprehensive land, air, and sea transport networks. The North–South Expressway provides direct road access to major cities like Kuala Lumpur and George Town, while the East–West Highway connects it to the east coast [1].

Public transportation is robust, with air-conditioned express bus services operating from the Shahab Perdana Terminal Bus, facilitating travel within Kedah and to neighboring Thailand. Rail services, provided by Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) via ETS trains, connect Alor Setar to destinations like Kuala Lumpur, Butterworth, Padang Besar, and Gemas, utilizing the Alor Setar and Anak Bukit railway stations. Sultan Abdul Halim Airport (AOR), the second oldest airport in Malaysia, handles primarily domestic flights and offers seasonal international connections for Hajj pilgrims. For sea travel, Jeti Kuala Kedah provides ferry services to Langkawi [1]. The city also features modern administrative centers, a court complex, police headquarters, and various sports venues like Darul Aman Stadium [1].