Aligarh is a historic city located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, serving as the administrative headquarters of the Aligarh district. Situated approximately 140 kilometers (87 miles) southeast of the national capital, New Delhi, and 342 kilometers (213 miles) northwest of the state capital, Lucknow, Aligarh holds significant cultural and educational importance. It is prominently recognized as a university town, primarily due to the presence of the globally acclaimed Aligarh Muslim University (AMU).

The city's recorded history traces back to the 12th century, originally known as Kol, a thriving center during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. Over centuries, it underwent several name changes before finally adopting its current name, Aligarh, in the mid-1700s. The establishment of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875, which later evolved into Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, marked a pivotal moment, shaping the city's intellectual landscape and contributing to the broader Aligarh Movement.

• **Population**: According to the 2011 Census, Aligarh city had a total population of 874,408 [1].
• **Languages**: Hindi is the most widely spoken language (81.5%), followed by Urdu (17.2%) [1].
• **Religions**: As per the 2011 Census, Hinduism is the predominant religion (55.36%), with Islam being the second largest (42.64%) [1].
• **Elevation**: The city is situated at an approximate elevation of 178 meters (584 feet) above sea level [1].
• **Climate**: Aligarh experiences a hot semi-arid climate, characterized by scorching summers, a monsoon season from late June to early October bringing high humidity, and mild winters [1].
• **Key Industry**: The city is internationally renowned for its lock manufacturing industry, with Aligarh locks exported worldwide [1].
• **Notable Institution**: Aligarh Muslim University, founded in 1875, is one of India's oldest central universities, recognized for its Law, Medical, and Engineering programs [1].

Aligarh city is governed by the Nagar Nigam Aligarh, also known as the Municipal Corporation, which is tasked with performing civic administrative functions. The corporation's operations are overseen by an elected Mayor and a Municipal Commissioner, typically a Provincial Civil Service (PCS) officer. Additionally, the Aligarh Development Authority (ADA) plays a crucial role in the city's infrastructure development, with a Divisional Commissioner serving as its chairman and a PCS officer as vice-chairman [1].

The broader administrative unit, Aligarh district, is segmented into five tehsils: Kol Tehsil, Khair Tehsil, Atrauli, Gabhana, and Iglas. These tehsils are further divided into twelve blocks for more localized governance. Aligarh also functions as the headquarters for the Aligarh Police Range, where a Deputy Inspector General (DIG) manages legal conditions and law enforcement, and the Aligarh Division, with a Commissioner overseeing the four districts within the division: Aligarh, Etah, Hathras, and Kasganj [1].

Aligarh plays a vital role as an agricultural trade center within Uttar Pradesh, with significant activities in agricultural product processing and manufacturing. However, the city is most globally acclaimed for its lock industry. Aligarh-made locks are highly sought after and exported internationally, a legacy that began in 1890 with Johnson & Co., the first English lock firm to establish production in the city on a small scale [1].

Beyond locks, Aligarh is also recognized for its brass hardware and sculptures. The city hosts numerous manufacturers, exporters, and suppliers involved in various metal industries, including brass, bronze, iron, and aluminum. The proximity of key power generation facilities, such as the Harduaganj Thermal Power Station and the Narora Atomic Power Station, further supports the region's industrial base and overall economic framework [1].

Aligarh possesses a robust and expanding infrastructure, particularly in its transportation networks. The Aligarh Junction railway station serves as a crucial hub on the busy Delhi-Kolkata route, managing over 136 trains daily and connecting the city to major urban centers across India. Road connectivity is also well-established, with National Highway 91 and National Highway 93 intersecting the city, enabling smooth inter-state travel. The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) provides extensive bus services connecting Aligarh to various cities within Uttar Pradesh and neighboring states like Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana [1].

Within the city, local transport is served by the Mahanagar Bus Service, complemented by a modern air-conditioned electric bus service that commenced operations in January 2022. Aligarh also hosts its own airport, Aligarh Airport (Dhanipur Air Strip), which is currently undergoing development to support regional flights under the RCS-UDAN scheme. Furthermore, the city benefits from reliable power infrastructure, being in close proximity to the Harduaganj Thermal Power Station and the Narora Atomic Power Station [1].